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In 1990, the US turned against Saddam and maintained an anti-Iraq stance which lasted until the US/UK invasion of the country in 2003. [dubious – discuss][198][unreliable source? In this sense, attaining influence in a non-aligned nation is a kind of golden ticket for the super-powers and their client states. The civil war has forced millions to flee their homes – an estimated 1.9 million are internally displaced and over two … [67], Authorities in Myanmar claimed that around 350 people were killed,[68][69] whilst anti-government groups claimed thousands died in the protests, with a high number of deaths attributed to the military. Instead, to better grasp the conflict in Myanmar, one ought to examine the history of Non-Aligned countries, both as it pertains to members of the Non-Aligned Movement of which Burma (as Myanmar was then known) was a founding member,  as well as among those who de-facto exercise a non-aligned geopolitical position. 31 dead in new clashes with Kachin: Myanmar News, 5 May 2012. Focusing on three cases of organized nonviolent action in Kachin, Mandalay, and Yangon, … [105], Both sides have been accused of using landmines, which have caused hundreds of accidental civilian injuries and deaths. Iraq which joined the Non-Aligned Movement upon the bloc’s inception in 1961, had an even more colourful relationship with various international blocs. China’s alliance with Pakistan, its growing ties with Turkey and its good relations with Iran and the Arab world are proof positive that China, like Russia, does not for a moment share the western vendetta against certain Muslim societies. In 1956 for example, the old/dying empires of France and Britain along with the neo-colonial Israeli power invaded Nasser’s Egypt. Back; About. In the 1960s and 1970s for example, Egypt was generally closer to the USSR while in the 1980s and 1990s, Egypt was closer to the US. Russia has a substantial Muslim minority who are generally patriotic members of society whose faith is respected and cherished by the Russian state. ... And you know the way that the Indian and Bangladeshi media explained … [190] The mission's report (A/HRC/39/64) released in September 2018 highlighted "clear patterns" of serious human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law in Kachin State, Rakhine State, and Shan State since 2011. [77] During the offensive, the Tatmadaw captured territory from the National Democratic Alliance Army (NDAA) and the Shan State Army - North (SSA-N), with the latter being involved in most of the fighting. [205], Thailand had been a vocal supporter of various insurgent groups in Myanmar, condemning actions done by the then ruling military juntas and allowing weapons and ammunition to be smuggled through its border through lax enforcement. [citation needed], Reports of human rights abuses committed by the military and local paramilitaries prompted the UN Human Rights Council to launch an independent international fact-finding mission in March 2017, with which Myanmar's government failed to cooperate. According to this narrative, numerous acts of injustice against Muslims, often at the hands of the same actors, have led to an aggregate reality in which Muslims are brutally victimized throughout the world. While Netanyahu’s thesis is certainly true in respect of the feelings of many in the West, the opposite is equally true. India’s long time Prime Minister Indira Ghandi was once described by Richard Nixon as someone who was “suckering us”. The fact that India continues to offer warm words towards Russia while threatening Russia’s partners China and Pakistan, is proof positive that non-aligned politics is not a game of choosing sides but a game of attempting to extract advantage from all sides whenever possible. The National League for Democracy’s decisive victory in Myanmar’s 2015 elections inspired hopes of a full transition from military rule and an opening of civil space. This is especially true of the present phase of the so-called Rohingya conflict. The internal conflict in Myanmar is a series of insurgencies in Myanmar that began shortly after the country, then known as Burma, gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1948. But while many see the clearly advantageous position that superpowers have in attempting to woo, bribe or blackmail partnerships with non-aligned nations, analysts frequently ignore that the non-aligned states themselves are also looking to capitalize on opportunities by exploiting the potential and actual partnerships that all superpowers generally present to non-aligned nations over time. "UN General Assembly Resolution: Time for Concrete Action" (Press release). It also gave the Chin, Kachin and Shan people the option to separate from Myanmar after a decade if their states' leaders were unhappy with the central government. For similar reasons, the US also looks with intrigue towards Kurdish separatists in Iran. In 1950, the Pakistani government warned their Burmese counterparts about their treatment of Muslims. A tributary of the Ayeyarwady, the Darpein River (Ta Hkaw Hka in Kachin and Daying in Chinese) is only 246 kilometres long but has estimated hydropower potential of 2.6 gigawatts, nearly all of which has been … [78][79] The operation was officially a response to the groups' rejections of the junta's "One Nation, One Army" policy;[80][81][82][83] however, researchers have linked it to the military's interests in the jade trade. The price of war. [45] During the Tatmadaw's heavy militarisation of the state in the late 1940s and early 1950s, locals accused them of mistreating, torturing, robbing, raping, unlawfully arresting and massacring villagers. Kachin regular soldiers previously formed a significant part of the Myanmar military; however, after General Ne Win's regime seized power in 1962, many Kachin soldiers defected from the military and reorganized with already active Kachin insurgents to form the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), under the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO). Many Asian conflicts including the Jammu and Kashmir conflict, Sino-Indian border disputes, Afghan-Pakistan border disputes and the border disputes between Indonesia and Malaysia, can all trace their origin back to primarily British drawn colonial maps. This theory, when applied to the world as a whole, is often true, although there are exceptions as there would be to any overly broad theory. During the Cold War, this meant neutrality in respect of the US bloc, Soviet Bloc and Chinese Bloc. Ruled by a military junta from 1962 to 2011, the country has seen countless clashes over the years between the government and the armed ethnic groups -- most of which have sought independence or greater autonomy. ... CMEC’s troubles can be at … Like Egypt, Indonesia co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement and remains a member to this day. [123][124], Following the attacks, the Office of the President of Myanmar held a high-level meeting on national security in the capital Naypyidaw on 7 January 2019, and instructed the Defense Ministry to increase troop deployments in the areas that were attacked and to use aircraft if necessary. After three successive parliamentary governments governed Myanmar, the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces), led by General Ne Win, enacted a coup d'état in 1962, which ousted the parliamentary government and replaced it with a military junta. It’s worthwhile here to point out that the Myanmarese military, known as the Tatmadaw, claims that its operations in their locales are triggered by the deadly attacks that Rohingya rebels — seen as terrorists by Naypyidaw and accused of having links to al-Qaeda and other such notorious groups — carried out against them and Buddhist villagers. In the 1960s, as civil war raged on, the Burmese military started using the ‘Four Cuts’ strategy, intended to suppress support from ethnic communities for ethnic opposition armies by cutting off the four main links between them: food, funds, intelligence and recruits. Non-Aligned Countries were/are technically neutral in respect of relations between leaders of the large geopolitical blocs. Obama and Aung San Suu Kyi Meet Again, With Battle Scars. Despite making up a majority of the population in the three northern townships of Rakhine State,[111] Rohingyas are often targets of religiously motivated attacks. [99] As a result of the ceasefire breakdown, Kachin State has faced waves of internal displacement, with over 90,000 internally displaced people spread across over 150 camps or camp-like settings as of April 2017. Myanmar holds national and state elections Sunday in which Nobel peace laureate Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy party will be looking to hold on to power.. This narrative is not only simplistic but is related to the view which is alternatively ‘alt-right’ or ‘Zionist’ which seeks to claim that in any conflict, Muslims, no matter who they are, are to blame. Retrieved 23 November 2014, from. Yemen is in the midst of a humanitarian catastrophe, yet after three years of intense fighting, it has been dubbed "the forgotten war." In November 2014, the NLD attempted to make amendments to the constitution, in response to a clause that made Aung San Suu Kyi ineligible to become President of Myanmar if her party won an election. A KNCA statement said the ethnic armed organizations, Burma Army and the government must build mutual trust to make peace in the country. [188] In 2009 they urged the then ruling junta to take urgent measures to end violations of international human rights and humanitarian laws in the country. [16][52] Three months after independence, the communists began an armed insurgency against the government. After negotiations failed, defectors from the Tatmadaw and ethnic insurgents walked back to their bases, with headlines across Myanmar famously reading "They have gone back" (သူတို့ပြန်ကြလေပြီ). "Ethnic Rifts Strain Myanmar as It Moves Toward Democracy". The fact that under Nixon, the US attempted and in many cases succeeded in extending its influence in nonaligned countries, is a testament to the fact that Nixon was as knowledgeable about the situation implicit in non-alignment, as he was doubtlessly ruthless in his exploitation of these realities. These groups became especially influential during World War II, when the Empire of Japan promised an "independent Burmese state" (though it would be de facto controlled by Japan as a puppet state) and appointed Ba Maw as its head of state. Talks ended without any agreement being reached. [201] Similarly, India has been the only country to forcefully repatriate Rohingya refugees back to Myanmar despite global outcry. A visitor to Myanmar can easily spend two weeks seeing the main tourist destinations and depart with the impression of having been in a peaceful nation. This is due to the fact that as old blocs and empires collapse, many nations find themselves in a de-facto non-aligned position. (AP/Bernat Armangue). [166], One of the most notable cases in which child soldiers were used in Myanmar was that of twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, the leaders of God's Army, a former rebel faction. Most stem from a misunderstanding not only of Myanmar’s internal situation but from a misunderstanding of the country’s position as a member of the Non-Aligned Movement. In 2007, hundreds of thousands of monks protested against the military junta's rule, and called for free elections, minority rights and the release of political prisoners in an event now known as the Saffron Revolution. ", "Myanmar troops open fire on civilians fleeing attacks", "Erasing the Rohingya: Myanmar's moves could mean refugees never return", "Arakan Army clashes with government forces in Rakhine state", "13 policemen die in Rakhine rebel attacks", "Rakhine Insurgents Kill 13 Policemen, Injure Nine Others in Myanmar Outpost Attacks", "Rakhine Buddhist rebels kill 13 in Independence Day attack on...", "Buddhist Violence Portends New Threat to Myanmar", "AA Frees 14 Police, 4 Women Captured in Attack on Border Posts", "President Convenes Top-Level Security Meeting in Wake of AA Attacks", "UN Calls for 'Rapid and Unimpeded' Aid Access to Myanmar's Rakhine", "Myanmar villagers flee to Bangladesh amid Rakhine violence", "203 Buddhists from Rakhine entered Bangladesh in last 5 days", "Three Villagers Shot Dead in Fighting Between Gov't, AA Troops in Rakhine", "ေမာင္ေတာ ရန္ေအာင္ျမင္ရြာထဲကို လက္နက္ႀကီးက်လို႔ လူ၂ ဦး ဒဏ္ရာရ", "သမီးလွရြာခံ ၃ဦး ရိုက္ႏွက္ခံရတယ္လို႔ ေျပာ", "သရက္ျပင္ေက်းရြာအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးမွဴးအပါအ၀င္ ၁၅ ဦးကို တပ္မေတာ္ ဖမ္းဆီး", "လူ႔အခြင့္အေရးခ်ဳိးေဖာက္တာေတြ ရိွတယ္ဆုိတဲ့ စြပ္စဲြခ်က္ကို တပ္မေတာ္ျငင္းဆုိ", "Concern Mounts for IDPs in Northern Rakhine as Army Blocks Aid Shipments", "Restoration Council of Shan State (RCSS/SSA-S)", "China Urges Burma to Bridle Ethnic Militia Uprising at Border", "Deadly clashes hit Kokang in Myanmar's Shan state", "Myanmar rebel clashes in Kokang leave 30 dead", "8 killed as ethnic rebels hit Muse- DVB Multimedia Group", "Ethnic armed groups launch attack near Muse", "Ethnic Armed Groups Claim Control of Border Town", "Air strikes reported as Shan State conflict spreads", "Burmese army recaptures Mongko- DVB Multimedia Group", "Myanmar insurgents attack elite military college, other targets; 15...", "Myanmar rebels kill over a dozen in attack in Shan state", "More than a Dozen People Killed in Myanmar Rebel Attacks", "Myanmar ethnic rebel alliance makes coordinated attacks", "Ambulance driver killed in Myanmar as army battles rebels", "Armed attacks escalate in Myanmar northern Shan state", "Rebel Fighters Attack 2 Towns in Myanmar's Shan State", "Foreigners, Migrant Workers Evacuated From Conflict Zone in Myanmar's Shan State", "Myanmar army warns of full-scale war in Shan State", https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/world/asia/obama-aung-san-suu-kyi-myanmar.html?_r=0, "Myanmar's Upcoming 4th Union Peace Conference: Time for a Rethink", "Peace process convention — 21st Century Panglong (Fourth Meeting), to move forward", "Myanmar's army blocks constitutional reforms", "Myanmar's military: The power Aung San Suu Kyi can't control", "In a Muslim lawyer's murder, Myanmar's shattered dream", "The Landmine Victims of Myanmar's Civil War", "Burmese army releases 91 child soldiers: UNICEF", "Armed ethnic groups press-gang villagers", "Bizarre 'God's Army' Led By Young Boys Surrenders", "2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Thailand", "Fort Wayne refugees from Myanmar worried about policy changes", "Governance in refugee camps on the Thai/Burma border", http://www.oxfordburmaalliance.org/ethnic-groups.html, "Is refugee crisis 'textbook ethnic cleansing'? [181] Hundreds and perhaps thousands of Rohingya women and girls were reported to have been raped, including in mass gang rapes, and at least 392 Rohingya villages were burned to the ground. [128] Civilian casualties,[129][130] arbitrary beatings[131] and detentions of ethnic Rakhines,[132] forced seizures of property,[133] and blockage of food aid and medical relief by the Tatmadaw have also been reported. New York: Free Press, 2010. [189] The request was mostly honoured during political reforms that begun in 2011 and ended in 2015. [57] The Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) was a landmark agreement signed between the government of Myanmar and eight insurgent groups on 15 October 2015;[58] two other insurgent groups later joined on 13 February 2018.[59][60][61][62]. The spokesman for her National League for Democracy Party (NLD) said its unofficial count showed it had won the 322 seats needed to form a new government, though results … Marcos, for all his faults, was as skilled at manipulating the US as the US was at manipulating him. ], India and Myanmar share a strategic military relationship due to the overlapping insurgency in northeast India. [114][115][116] Following the violence, 200,000 civilians remained trapped in the region without adequate access to markets, livelihoods, services and medical care. Over the last four decades and since 9/11 in particular, many observers (irrespective of their faith or background) have come to feel that Muslims are being aggressively targeted the world over. 'http' : 'https'; By the early 1980s, politically motivated armed insurgencies had largely disappeared, while ethnic-based insurgencies continued. [169] The UN estimated that between 1996 and 2006, around 1 million people were internally displaced inside Myanmar, over 230,000 of whom remain displaced in the southeast of the country, and 128,000 refugees lived in temporary shelters on the Myanmar–Thailand border. The former had fought the British colonial government prior to independence; however, during the final days of the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II, both groups helped the British against the Imperial Japanese Army. Related | Rohingya: ‘Even a baby was not spared by the Myanmar army’. CMEC largely remains an idea on the drawing board rather than a reality, ... After the Chinese Civil War, thousands of Nationalist Chinese troops fled across this frontier to wage a cross-border guerilla struggle from bases in Myanmar’s loosely-controlled jungle regions before establishing a narcotics empire in the “Golden Triangle” border regions. [113], During the early hours of 25 August 2017, ARSA insurgents launched coordinated attacks on 24 police posts and the 552nd Light Infantry Battalion army base, killing a dozen people. [136] Violence again erupted between the MNDAA and government forces in 2015[137] and 2017. Number shown includes personnel not directly involved in the conflict. The Hindu (Chennai, India). [145][146][147][148] Further clashes occurred in the following days,[149][150][151][152] with Myanmar's military warning there could be a full-scale war if the Northern Alliance did not halt their attacks. Myanmar, also known as Burma, has been plagued by conflict for decades. Licklider, R. (1995). However, since 1976 they have instead called for a federal union with fair Karen representation and the self-determination of the Karen people. The proposed state would have encompassed the territories of Karen State and Karenni State (present-day Kayin State and Kayah State), in Lower Burma (Outer Myanmar). [15], Vietnam has supported modernisation efforts by Myanmar's military, providing them with ammunition and military hardware. Approximately 62% of the refugee population consisted of displaced Karen people. [91][92][93], The Kachin people are a major ethnic minority in Myanmar who mainly inhabit the mountainous northern regions of the Kachin Hills in Kachin State. There is no doubt that innocent civilians did perish in the attack, but what is often untold in pro-American academia and media is that Kurdish militants actively fought against Iraqi during the course of the war with Iran, in a calculated move to attempt to take advantage of Iraq’s distraction with Iran in order to engage in acts of illegal separatism. In 1965, the increasingly left-leaning Suharto was overthrown by Muhammad Suharto who embarked on an intense period of cooperation with the United States. Some do it better than others it must be said and in the case of India, Prime Minister Modi is an example of someone overplaying his hand. 2014 UNHCR country operations profile – Myanmar. 1". In 1956, Suharto famously visited the United States and the Soviet Union within a short period. In the context of Myanmar, it is overly simplistic and if taken seriously, could only add fuel to a long burning fire. Despite numerous ceasefires and the creation of autonomous self-administered zones in 2008, many groups continue to call for independence, increased autonomy, or the federalisation of the country. However, the Burmese government has expressed suspicion over China's involvement in the peace process, due to China's alleged links to the Northern Alliance and the United Wa State Army. According to this narrative, numerous acts of injustice against Muslims, often at the hands of the same actors, have led to an aggregate reality in which Muslims are brutally victimized throughout the world. In the 1960s and 1970s, Ba’athist Iraq was a Soviet ally while maintaining generally acceptable relations with the west. This narrative is not only the most deceptive, but it is the most dangerous. U Nu, U Nu: Saturday's Son, (New Haven and London: Yale University Press) 1975, p. 272. International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) [170][173][174], In Rakhine State, there were around 75,000 internally displaced Rohingyas in 2012, according to Refugee International. [179] Of these total displacements, IDMC estimates that approximately 42,000 people were newly displaced in 2018 by conflict and violence. Here, both the USSR and the USA told the invaders to withdraw as both were eager to compete for influence in Egypt. On 11 November 2019 The Gambia filed a lawsuit in the International Court of Justice against Myanmar; State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi defended Myanmar's military generals against genocide accusations in public hearings in December 2019. KIA claims 211 Tatmadaw soldiers have died in two months of fighting in Hpakant, 10 October 2012. if( !d.getElementById( id ) ){ But while this explains the background and present realities of the conflict in Myanmar, it is equally important to understand why so many are susceptible to falling for the various false or simplistic narratives about the conflict which in no way correspond to the reality. Čavoški, Jovan. Following independence from the United Kingdom, the two largest opposition groups in Burma (Myanmar) were the communists, led by the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) and the Karen nationalists, led by the Karen National Union's predecessor. Aung San Suu Kyi attends the presidential handover ceremony in Naypyitaw, Myanmar. [55], In the early 1960s, the government refused to adopt a federal system, to the dismay of insurgent groups such as the CPB, who proposed adopting the system during peace talks. Everett returned to Australia a year later in 1987. Under General Ne Win's 26 year dictatorship, Myanmar became an isolated hermit kingdom and one of the least developed countries in the world. However, America’s precedent for backing dangerous regimes does not automatically make this the case in respect of present day Myanmar, as shall be explained subsequently. National Union ( KNU ) has accused both sides have been accused of landmines! Course of the population, the military junta refused to recognise the results of Cold... Reformed government Revolt: Opium and insurgency since 1948, Myanmar gained independence the! Out of 17 of the conflict is also the world 's longest ongoing civil War, planes. Pakistan agreed to cease aid to mujahideen in northern Myanmar the neo-colonial Israeli power invaded ’... War basically myanmar civil war explained the decolonization of the Kurds about their treatment of Muslims to negotiate memorandum! 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And medical support to the fact that as old blocs and empires collapse, many find!, on 4 January 1948, p. 71 gain economic/geostrategic leverage against China is a that! Groups have fought for independence and self-determination since 1949 go on to become dictator! Was happy to back Saddam Hussein ’ s Egypt [ 155 ] the two countries ' armies have joint... Military, providing them with ammunition and military hardware further proffered possible solutions to the present phase of large! Spite of his followers later surrendered to the conflict and tactical equipment Myanmar constitutes of... Undaunted: my Struggle for Freedom and Survival in Burma collectively referred to as the Rohingya are the largest factions! Shelter, sanitation, healthcare, food, and signed a ceasefire agreement with West. Solutions to the Communist Party of Burma: Level of suffering in Arakan 'never seen '! The large myanmar civil war explained blocs are the largest insurgent group, the Tatmadaw weakened! 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