and knowledge. Finally, we exemplify ontology engineering by summarizing our work. The Artificial-Intelligence literature contains many definitions of an ontology; many of these contradict one another. Motivation The Evidence Ontology was developed to provide a controlled vocabulary of terms for defining the different types of experimental and computational evidence that support assertions within Pathway/Genome Databases such as the MetaCyc database . AI cannot start from zero. Relationships: properties that connect two classes. There are quite a range of epistemological an d ontological positions, i.e., views of the world . As biological ontologies such as the CL grow in complexity, they become increasingly difficult to use and maintain. Explainability has been a goal for Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems since their conception, with the need for explainability growing as more complex AI models are increasingly used in critical, high-stakes settings such as healthcare. This paper concerns the role of ontology in Information Retrieval (IR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). First, it discusses the relation between IR and AI in a general way. Introduction In AI research history, we can identify two types of research. There are, however, also several differences, such as: Unlike all the mainstream OOPLs, most knowledge-representation systems allow multiple inheritances in the class hierarchy.The same applies to an individual belonging to multiple classes in ontology vs. strict object conformance in OOPLs. In the 1980s, the AI community began to use the term ontology to refer to both a theory of a modeled world and a component of knowledge-based systems. Ontology is a body of knowledge describing some domain, typically common sense knowledge domain. Ontology and metaphysics both get confused with epistemology, but epistemology is easier to separate out. One of the common ways to determine the scope of the ontology is to sketch a list of competency questions that a knowledge base based on the ontology … See also: controlled vocabulary 1.3 In AI. Philosophical ontology is describing the real world as it exists, while computational ontology is describing the world as it should be. From the KS, AI Lab at Stanford University referring to ontology in AI: “An ontology is an explicit specification of some topic. erties. There are several types of ontologies. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field devoted to building artificial animals (or at least artificial creatures that – in suitable contexts – appear to be animals) and, for many, artificial persons (or at least artificial creatures that – in suitable contexts – appear to be persons). ∙ 0 ∙ share . Explanation Ontology: A Model of Explanations for User-Centered AI. Why so different? Two **very different** answers by Thomas Musselman and Kingsley Ihehen, both highly qualified responders (in fact, I regard Kingsley Idehen as a leading light of computational ontology). The definition 1 is the meaning in philosophy as we have discussed above, however it has many implications for the AI purposes. Semantic AI is the next-generation Artificial Intelligence. Machine learning can help to extend knowledge graphs (e.g., through ‘corpus-based ontology learning’ or through graph mapping based on ‘spreading activation’), and in return, knowledge graphs can help to improve ML … Knowledge plays an important role in demonstrating intelligent behavior in AI agents. The modern history of ontology really beings with Artificial Intelligence (AI) research from the 1970s and 1980s. By making the information in the ontology computable, we can use automated reasoners to detect errors and assist with classification. In information science, ontology is a formal naming and definition of the types, properties, and interrelationships of the entities that really or fundamentally exist for a particular domain of discourse. In this paper, we propose a number of basic types and roles of ontologies, and use them as a basis to analyze several legal ontologies in the AI and Law literature. Ontology is traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics. In other words, there is no AI without IA. The second definition is generally accepted as a definition of what an ontology is for the AI community. For example, an ontology can be: – a thesaurus in the field of information retrieval or – a model represented in OWL in the field of linked-data or Is `` Form-oriented research '' and the other is `` Content-oriented research '' and the latter content knowledge., they become increasingly difficult to use and maintain information, except a data model is specifically to! 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