If you find an elm in an Ohio woodland that's festooned by these odd-looking galls, it's highly likely the gall-adorned tree is a red elm (= slippery elm) (Ulmus rubra); it's almost a sure-fire identification. The body length of Tetraneura ulmi alates is 1.8-2.6 mm. Bhattacharya, 1 c g; Tetraneura yezoensis c g Ivens et al. We have used the keys and species accounts of Blackman & Eastop (1994) and Blackman & Eastop (2006) supplemented with Blackman (1974), Stroyan (1977), Stroyan (1984), Blackman & Eastop (1984), Heie (1980-1995), Dixon & Thieme (2007) and Blackman (2010). The aphid was most abundant on Ulmus minor, much less so on Ulmus glabra and absent from Ulmus laevis. Elm-grass aphid, Elm sack gall aphid Gall on Ulmus, Elm Primary hosts: Ulmus minor, glabra Secondary hosts: Oligophagous on Poaceae: Tetraneura ulmi Durlston, Dorset. The leaves of native elms can look a bit bedraggled at this time of the year owing to the rise of two types of aphid galls: the pouch-like elm sack galls and the descriptively named elm cockscomb galls. Immature fundatrices were killed by insect and other predators in the initial stage of the gall formation. Geoica utricularia which has no siphunculi). This was based on winged morphs being found in two colonies of Tetraneura ulmi, located in the oak-forest. There has been even less work on the ecology of Tetraneura ulmi on its secondary host, the roots of grasses. Note the very small conical siphunculi. On a leaf. Elm sack galls (= pouch galls) are produced by a non-native European aphid,Tetraneura ulmi, that was introduced into the U.S. in the 1890s. Elm cockscomb galls are produced by another aphid, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Elm sack galls (= pouch galls) are produced by a non-native European aphid, However, the galls may also be found on American elm (. Paul (1977) found at least 16 aphid species recorded on grass roots in Britain (Show British list). Fortunately, neither of these galls produce significant injury to the overall health of their elm tree host. These fairly large, stalked galls go by the common name of "fig galls". The pictures below show early stages in the development of a gall. However, results of the study gave a strong indication for asexuality being the dominant mode of reproduction, so that populations consist of multiple clonal lineages. Gall of the elm sack gall aphid Tetraneura ulmi. Aphid induces a 1 inch long by ¼ inch high wrinkled swelling on the leaf surface, irregular like a rooster’s comb ; Reddish at first but turning brown as the season progresses; Found on American and red elm; More information on Leaf galls The galls dry, harden and turn brown as they age. The Tetraneura ulmi fundatrix (see second picture below), which induces production of the gall, is light green with the head, thorax, antennae and legs dark and transverse bands of light wax across the abdomen and thorax. Photo by Jim Brighton. The galls split open to release the aphids. Fertilized females only lay one egg each. The number of galls per leaf varied from 1-21 galls, with an average of 2.5 per leaf. Elm Sack Galls Aphid Tetraneura Ulmi Asked June 15, 2018, 12:50 PM EDT After googling "red bumps on elm leaves" it looks like my elm tree has a lot of these galls from Tetraneura Ulmi aphids. Elm cockscomb gall aphid Colopha ulmicola and C. graminis. Populations without sexual forms occur commonly on secondary hosts. Elm sack galls (= pouch galls) are produced by a non-native European aphid, Tetraneura ulmi, that was introduced into the U.S. in the 1890s. Elm Sack Galls (= Pouch Galls) are produced by a non-native European aphid, Tetraneura ulmi, that was introduced into the U.S. in the 1890s. Blackman & Eastop list about 75 species of aphids as feeding on elms worldwide, and provides formal identification keys for aphids on Ulmus. The winged forms of the elm-grass root aphid (known in America as the elm sack gall aphid) emerge from elm galls (Ulmus spp.) The elm-grass root aphid, Tetraneura ulmi, is also called the elm sack gall aphid. These fairly large, stalked galls go by the common name of "fig galls". In September winged forms make a return migration to elm where they produce larvae which feed on the bark, and mature to apterous males and females. Gall-forming aphids, Pemphigus species, also occur on petioles and twigs of cottonwood. However, Tetraneura ulmi may also be holocyclic at several sites in Northwestern Europe and Scandinavia so they started the study with the hypothesis that both types of life cycle may be present in the Dutch population. Click on the filename to view the photos. This gives rise to the alternate common name of "elm-grass root aphid.". The witchhazel leaf gall aphid, Hormaphis hamamelidis, is most often noticed as the "aleurodiform" (whitefly form) on birch leaves in late summer or fall. In the great majority of cases, identifications have been confirmed by microscopic examination of preserved specimens. They can be identified by the size and shape of the galls and characteristics of the exit holes produced when the galls split open. We have found Tetraneura ulmi galls on English elm (Ulmus procera) quite widely in southern Britain, although never very commonly. Use the browser back button to return to the menu. The picture below shows the offspring of the fundatrix maturing in the gall. The winged aphids that emerge from elm galls in the summer fly to various grasses where they colonize the roots. Elm balloon-gall aphid On this page: Identification & Distribution Other aphids on the same host. First image above copyright Ivan Pančić, all rights reserved. The eggs hatch from mid-May and the development of fundatrices in the gall lasts for 23 days. I can't find information on how harmful it is to the tree and if I should treat it or not. The manzanita leafgall aphid feeds on the leaves of kinnikinnick and other manzanita species (Arctostaphylos spp. The three focal species (Geoica utricularia, Forda marginata and Tetraneura ulmi) had considerable clonal diversity at the population level. Tetraneura ulmi host alternates. The pictures below show elm-grass root aphids on the roots of grasses attended by Lasius ants. In late summer, these whitefly-like aphids give birth to nymphs that develop wings. All images used are copyright. In the fall, winged aphids emerge from grass to make a return migration to elm where they produce immatures that feed on the bark, and mature to apterous males and females. June 13, 2018 Fortunately, neither of these aphid galls produce significant injury to the overall health of their elm tree … Ivens et al. Elm cockscomb galls are produced by another aphid, Colopha ulmicola that also alternates between elms and grasses. and Elytrigia maritima) inside ant mounds. The winged forms of the elm-grass root aphid (known in America as the elm sack gall aphid) emerge from elm galls(Ulmusspp.) Download this stock image: Fig gall aphid, Elm-grass root aphid, Elm Sack Gall Aphid (Byrsocrypta ulmi, Tetraneura ulmi, Eriosoma ulmi), gall at a leaf of an elm, Germany - TR62DC from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Whilst we make every effort to ensure that identifications are correct, we cannot absolutely warranty their accuracy. Gall of the elm sack gall aphid Tetraneura ulmi. The colorful, fleshy, unilocular, unilar-val translucent oak galls produced by the gall … Tetraneura ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758) Ulmenblasenlaus Elm Sack Gall Aphid Tetraneura ulmi, plant galls DE, Chemnitz, Zeisigwald; 2012-06-15 14:24:01 Image number: 5377 Except where otherwise specified, all text and images on this page are copyright InfluentialPoints under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License on condition that a link is provided to InfluentialPoints.com, Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, Blackman & Eastop list 22 species that feed on, Blackman & Eastop list about 22 species that feed on. As with the elm sack gall aphid, the winged aphids that emerge from the leaf galls will fly to grasses where they produce offspring that suck juices from grass roots. Aphid Galls. Prices and download plans . Elm Sack Gall Aphid galls in Howard Co., Maryland (5/26/2013). ).Aphid feeding causes the leaves to thicken and form bright red galls. About This Subject; View Images Details; View Images; 0 Images The offspring of the Tetraneura ulmi fundatrix develop within their gall to winged viviparous alates (see first picture below) which have a shiny black head, thorax, antennae and legs, and greyish black abdominal segments. Any errors in identification or information are ours alone, and we would be very grateful for any corrections. Photo by Bonnie Bell. in June-July to colonize roots of grasses (Poaceae). While I have yet to find a rampant population on American elms that rival those commonly found on red elm, I've noticed over the past few years that these galls are becoming increasingly common on American elms planted in Ohio landscapes. Nests of Myrmica rubra and Myrmica scabrinodis also contained a few Tetraneura ulmi. Lasius flavus 'husbandry' is characterized by low aphid 'livestock' diversity per colony, especially at the nest-chamber level, but it lacks the exclusive monocultures known from other cultivation mutualisms. Elm sack galls (= pouch galls) are produced by a non-native European aphid, Tetraneura ulmi, that was introduced into the U.S. in the 1890s. The head, prothorax and appendages are brown, and the body is (sometimes) lightly dusted with wax. The galls are stalked, approximately bean-shaped, smooth and shiny, and coloured reddish-green and/or yellow (see first picture below). Use of images featured on Maryland Biodiversity Project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer. Winged aphids that develop on the grass roots fly back to elms in the fall where their offspring spend the winter in bark crevices. Depa & Wojciechowski (2008) looked in nests of various ant species especially Lasius flavus and Lasius niger in Poland. Blackman & Eastop list 66 species of aphid as feeding on grass roots (Poaceae) worldwide (Show world list). suggest that such culling of carbohydrate-providing symbionts for protein ingestion may maintain maximal host yield per aphid while also benefitting the 'domesticated' aphids as long as their clone-mates reproduce successfully. Unfortunately, these odd-looking plant structures can spoil the aesthetics of their deep green elm leaf platforms. Early cockscomb galls are tubular-shaped, almost worm-like, and light green. Elm Sack Gall Aphid in Montgomery Co., Maryland (5/7/2017). What has been done is mostly focused on the interactions with ants. As they mature, the galls will take-on the appearance of their descriptive common name: they look like bright red chicken cockscombs rising up from elm leaves. In 7.0% galls, immature fundatrices died in later stages of development due to the effect of a protective activity of plant tissues. Winged forms fly from elm galls in June and July to colonize roots of grasses where they are usually tended by moisture ants in the genus Lasius. Aphid Galls Rising on Elms The leaves of native elms can look a bit bedraggled at this time of the year owing to the rise of pouch-like elm sack galls and the descriptively named elm cockscomb galls. Gall of the elm sack gall aphid Tetraneura ulmi. By the beginning of June, galls reached 10.8 mm in length and 6.2 mm in width. Elm Sack Galls (= Pouch Galls) are produced by a non-native European aphid, Tetraneura ulmi, that was introduced into the U.S. in the 1890s. It arises from the mid-rib of the upper surface of the leaf near its base (cf. The unilocular, multilarval elm sack-galls that are produced by the aphid, Col-opha ulmisacculi, only arise on the up-per leaf surface between the leaf veins. Includes manzanita leaf gall aphid (Tamalia coweni). Alternation of hosts is well known for other aphids (woolly apple aphid: apple and elm; woolly alder aphid: maple and alder; green peach aphid: peach and many other hosts), but the spiny witchhazel gall aphid seems to have the most complicated life cycle. Life cycle Natural enemies Other aphids on the same host. There was as low mortality of offspring of the fundatrices caused by Anthocoris confusus, larvae of Syrphidae, caterpillars of Pyralidae, and birds. Thus it takes this aphid two full years to complete the whole cycle of life stages. Blue Dasher vs Fragile Forktail - Darn Damselflies Always Sneaking Up Behind You - Video. Elms are the primary host for the elm sack gall aphid. elm sack-gall aphid Tetraneura ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758). Gall mites infected on host plant, rain forest tree, Thailand. On affected leaves from 1 to 8 galls were recorded with 4-22 aphids per gall. Identification & Distribution. There were no signs of ants biting the wings off the alate forms of aphids. Identification & Distribution: In spring the Eriosoma lanuginosum fundatrix and her offspring develop in large, closed, bloated-leaf galls (see first picture below) on various elm (Ulmus) species. Photo: The elm sack gall making aphid, Tetraneura ulmi Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Dolgormaa & Munkhtsetseg (2015) looked at the bionomics of Tetraneura ulmi in Mongolia. Although I find these galls most often on red elm, I've also occasionally found them on American elms. However, the galls may also be found on American elm (Ulmus americana). Download this stock image: Fig gall aphid, Elm-grass root aphid, Elm Sack Gall Aphid (Byrsocrypta ulmi, Tetraneura ulmi, Eriosoma ulmi), gall at a leaf of an elm, Germany - TR62DB from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. For assistance on the terms used for aphid morphology we suggest the figure provided by Blackman & Eastop (2006). Urban (2003) describes the bionomics and harmfulness of Tetraneura ulmi during an outbreak in elms in Moravia in 2002. We fully acknowledge these authors as the source for the (summarized) taxonomic information we have presented. Ulmus minor, Amsterdam, Vliegenbos: openings in the old gall when the gall is sliced open the inside is hidden by a dense tuft of wax threads after removal of the wax the winged and apterous aphids are … Tetraneura ulmi, the elm sack gall aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. Elm cockscomb gall aphid On this page: Identification & Distribution Biology & Ecology Are the galls aposematic? Tetraneura ulmi overwinters either as fertilized eggs on elm (Ulmus pumilla) laid by females of the sexuales generation at the beginning of autumn, or as apterous viviparae on roots of secondary host. Entomologist Dr. Art Evans and 88.9 WCVE producer Steve Clark note the perennial fall swarms of tiny aphids in the Richmond area. Please contact me if you find errors. (2012b) investigated aphid diversity within and between ant nest mounds. (2012a) studied four root aphid species (Tetraneura ulmi, Geioca utricularia, Forda marginata and Forda formicaria) in saltmarsh in the Netherlands. Elm sack galls (= pouch galls) are produced by a non-native European aphid, Tetraneura ulmi, that was introduced into the U.S. in the 1890s. Identification & Distribution. On a leaf. Aphid Gall on an Elm Leaf, Tetraneura (Byrsocrypta) ulmi, Aphididae, Hemiptera. Within the nests of Lasius flavus 8 species of aphids were recorded, most commonly Tetraneura ulmi. View All Images. Life Cycle: Phylloxera overwinter in the egg stage in bark crevices. Pest description and damage These aphids are grayish or greenish and prefer to feed on new plant growth. Colopha compressa live in laterally compressed cockscomb-shaped galls along the midrib on the upper surface of elm leaves (see first picture below). On a leaf. We are very grateful to Ivan Pančić for permitting us to use his image of the alate Tetraneura ulmi. The sparse available literature suggested that all lived anholocyclically on the roots of secondary host grasses (Festuca rubra, Agrostis spp. Natural ecosystem The adult apterae on the secondary host, grass roots (see second picture below), are readily identified, being pale orange yellow, yellowish white or reddish. After maturation the fundatrices produced on average 35.2 offspring. Sign in Sign up for FREE Prices and download plans On the primary host, elm, Tetraneura ulmi develop within galls on the leaves. Split Open to Show Interior and the Blue Aphids Inside. Elm Cockscomb Gall These distinct galls, caused by an aphid, are about 1" long and about 1/4 inch high. They are produced by a species of aphid, Tetraneura ulmi. It's a strange sight. Tetraneura ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758) c g b (elm sack gall aphid) Tetraneura ulmicema Zhang, Guangxue, 1997 c g; Tetraneura ulmoides c g; Tetraneura utpali Chakrabarti, Samiran, Maity & D.K. Its alternate common name is the "Oriental grass root aphid" because this aphid also flies to grasses where it feeds on the roots. Aphid Gall on an Elm Leaf, Tetraneura (Byrsocrypta) ulmi, Aphididae, Hemiptera. Tetraneura ulmi has small conical siphunculi, with a flange (cf. Populations without sexual forms occur commonly on secondary hosts. Fundatrices matured within 3-4 weeks from hatching (from mid-May). The gall of Kaltenbachiella pallida on elm is closed, more-or-less globular and covered in short fine hairs (see first picture below). The micrographs below show a lateral view (first picture) and dorsal view (second picture) of an adult aptera on the secondary host. We have mostly made identifications from high resolution photos of living specimens, along with host plant identity. However, grasses (Poaceae) serve as a secondary host with the aphids feeding on the roots. June 2019. The irregular edge of the gall and its red color at maturity account for the common name. Although some authors consider Tetraneura ulmi to be anholocyclic (see below), Depa & Wojciechowski concluded that Tetraneura ulmi in nests of Lasius flavus was predominantly holocyclic. They are produced by … These aphids reproduce by giving birth to live nymphs. The galls (see first picture below) are stalked, approximately bean-shaped, smooth and shiny, and coloured reddish-green and/or yellow. On a leaf. The elm-grass root aphid is little-researched compared to many other tree aphids. in June-July to colonize roots of grasses(Poaceae). Ivens et al. The elm gall-making aphid, T. nigriabdominalis, is an Asian native that has found its way into North America and Europe. Tetraneura ulmi (Elm-grass root aphid) On the primary host, elm, Tetraneura ulmi develop within galls on the leaves. Tetraneura ulmi has been recorded from 9 Ulmus species. Tetraneura ulmi is found in Europe, across Asia to eastern Siberia, and has been introduced to North America. Yet more than half of the ant mounds contained just a single aphid species, a significantly higher percentage than expected from a random distribution. Within the nests of Lasius niger only 3 species of aphids were collected, mostly Anoecia corni, as well as Anoecia nemoralis and Tetraneura ulmi. 73.3% of galls produced viable alates. The ants appear to eat most of the early instar aphids, so that adult aphids are unlikely to face limited phloem resources and scramble competition with other aphids. Fecundity of the fundatrices ranged from 4 to 22 larvae. Elm sack galls (= pouch galls) are produced by a non-native European aphid, Tetraneura ulmi, that was introduced into the U.S. in the 1890s. Gall of the elm sack gall aphid Tetraneura ulmi. 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Aphid gall on an elm leaf platforms health of their elm tree host the wings the... 1758 ) ) taxonomic information we have found Tetraneura ulmi, Aphididae, Hemiptera ( see picture!
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