Begin this part of the section by repeating what you consider to be your most important or surprising finding first, then systematically review each finding. Overgeneralization One of the highlights from the international seminar on New Emerging Business Models in Animation, Cartoon Business, which took place in Utrecht, Netherlands in… The collective case study involves. More detailed information about how to document any limitations to your research can be found here. However, case studies can stand alone by rigorously describing and explaining a phenomenon (Rowley, 2002). Yin, Robert. The key term of this chapter is, admittedly, a definitional morass. As with any research paper, you should summarize your conclusion in clear, simple language; emphasize how the findings from your case study differs from or supports prior research and why. Case studies are based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group or event to explore the causes of underlying principles. Figure 2: Phenomenology often involves long personal interviews. Flyvbjerg examines five misunderstandings about case study research and systematically "corrects" each one. The two elements should be linked. Therefore, just as you have to clearly state the limitations of a general research study, you must describe the specific limitations inherent in the subject of analysis. stress, bereavement, fame etc) and the cases are selected in order to explore’ how the phenomenon exists Social science case studies are often perceived as limited in their ability to create new knowledge because they are not randomly selected and findings cannot be generalized to larger populations. To quote, these are: Misunderstanding 1: General, theoretical [context-independent knowledge is more valuable than concrete, practical (context-dependent) knowledge. In Encyclopedia of Research Design, Neil J. Salkind, editor. Hasa has a BA degree in English, French and Translation studies. “Achieving Economic Benefits at Local Events: A Case Study of a Local Sports Event.” Festival Management and Event Tourism 4 (1996): 95-106. As with any research paper, your introduction should serve as a roadmap for your readers to ascertain the scope and purpose of your study. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. What is Phenomenology – Definition, Use, Data Collection, Limitations 3. They are selected to provide the researcher with an opportunity to study the phenomenon of interest. Kodokushi is an increasing social problem in Japan. Case studies are not the best method for assessing the prevalence of phenomena 2. Note that a general social sciences research paper may contain a separate section to report findings. She is currently reading for a Masters degree in English. Data collection methods in a case study involve observations, questionnaires, interviews, analysis of recorded data, etc. In the social sciences, the term case study refers to both a method of analysis and a specific research design for examining a problem, both of which can be used to generalize findings across populations. Phenomenology: Information relies heavily on the interviewing skills of the researcher and the articulate skills of the participants. Home » Education » Difference Between Case Study and Phenomenology. If your subject of analysis is a phenomenon. the case; and the collective case study is the study of a number of cases in order to inquire into a particular phenomenon. If your subject of analysis is an incident or event. Figure 1: Questionnaires can be used to collect data for case studies. The phenomenon has been rarely reported among aircrew. In simple terms, it is an in-depth and detailed investigation of the development of a single event, situation, or an individual over a period of time. This can be used as a reference case in aeromedical disposition of aircrew for similar disabilities, wherein the literature is scanty. Evidence that supports the method by which you identified and chose your subject of analysis should clearly support investigation of the research problem and linked to key findings from your literature review. For example, the case of studying how women conceptualize the need for water conservation in a village in Uganda could have limited application in other cultural contexts or in areas where fresh water from rivers or lakes is plentiful and, therefore, conservation is understood differently than preserving access to a scarce resource. However, the event does not have to be a rare or uniquely significant to support new thinking about the research problem or to challenge an existing hypothesis. Review this page because it may help you identify a subject of analysis that can be investigated using a single case study design. If you’re looking for a sample case study analysis that includes compilations of different case studies, you’ve clicked on the right link. For example, in the case of studying the accident at the railroad crossing to evaluate where and what types of warning signals should be located, you failed to take into consideration speed limit signage as well as warning signals. A case study is defined as “an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence are used” (Yin,1984). Thus, phenomenology provides information about unique individual experiences, offering a rich and complete description of human experiences and meanings. Mostly, it is about singular or remarkable phenomena. Misunderstanding 5: It is often difficult to summarize and develop general propositions and theories on the basis of specific case studies [p. 221]. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010; Seawright, Jason and John Gerring. In general, a case study that investigates a place suggests a subject of analysis that is unique or special in some way and that this uniqueness can be used to build new understanding or knowledge about the research problem. Briefly reiterate the research problem you are investigating and explain why the subject of analysis around which you designed the case study were used. Colorado State University; Mills, Albert J., Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Image Courtesy:1. A case study research paper usually examines a single subject of analysis, but case study papers can also be designed as a comparative investigation that shows relationships between two or more subjects. Political Research Quarterly 61 (June 2008): 294-308. A case study of a phenomenon most often encompasses an in-depth analysis of a cause and effect that is grounded in an interactive relationship between people and their environment in some way. Misunderstanding 2: One cannot generalize on the basis of an individual case; therefore, the case study cannot contribute to scientific development. However, the nature of being introspective about the subject of analysis you have investigated will depend on whether you are explicitly asked to express your observations in this way. A case study of a place must not only describe its various attributes relevant to the research problem [e.g., physical, social, historical, cultural, economic, political], but you must state the method by which you determined that this place will illuminate new understandings about the research problem. or phenomenon. Explain why you selected this particular individual to be studied and describe what experiences they have had that provide an opportunity to advance new understandings about the research problem. Be sure to cite any studies that helped you determine that the case you chose was appropriate for examining the problem. Misunderstanding 4: The case study contains a bias toward verification, that is, a tendency to confirm the researcher’s preconceived notions. Kodokushi Phenomenon in Contemporary Japan Kodokushi is a Japanese term, means a person dies completely alone at home without being noticed for a long period of time. 1. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. A case study encompasses a problem contextualized around the application of in-depth analysis, interpretation, and discussion, often resulting in specific recommendations for action or for improving existing conditions. When designing your case study, be sure you have thoroughly addressed all aspects of the problem and do not leave gaps in your analysis that leave the reader questioning the results. Researchers describe how case studies examine complex phenomena in the natural setting to increase understanding of them.3 4 Indeed, Sandelowski5 suggests using case studies in research means that the holistic nature of nursing care can be addressed. In single case study research, the opportunity to open a black box arises by looking at deeper causes of the phenomenon (Fiss 2009). The discussion section should relate your case study results to those found in other studies, particularly if questions raised from prior studies served as the motivation for choosing your subject of analysis. “Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 12 (April 2006): 219-245. It is particularly important to differentiate the person as the subject of analysis from others and to succinctly explain how the person relates to examining the research problem [e.g., why is one politician in a particular local election used to show an increase in voter turnout from any other candidate running in the election]. 4.5 Case Study: Small-World Phenomenon. A case study is a descriptive and exploratory analysis of a person, group or event. This qualitative case study is an approach to research that facilitates exploration of a phenomenon within its context using a variety of data sources. Failure to Extrapolate All Possible Implications This is followed by collecting data in the field and evaluating and analyzing the data. Difference Between Case Study and Phenomenology. London : SAGE, 2010; Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Case studies can be qualitative and/or quantitative in nature. 6 Case Study Research for Business By using case study research, you will gain particular understanding or insight into whatever you have chosen to research which usually is a contemporary phenomenon. “1702648” (Public Domain) via Pixabay. Do not simply reiterate the discussion section. A more formal definition can be found in the words of Robert Yin (2009); Case study is a strategy for doing research which involves empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence. London: SAGE, 2010. Show More. No study in the social sciences is so novel or possesses such a restricted focus that it has absolutely no relation to previously published research. Her areas of interests include literature, language, linguistics and also food. In the social and behavioral sciences, the case usually focuses on human interaction within a complex physical, social, economic, cultural, or political system. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010; Putney, LeAnn Grogan. 826 Words 4 Pages. The methods used to study a case can rest within a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method investigative paradigm. This is often helpful when the study is addressing a target audience that is greatly uninformed about the topic. Example: “An investigation into the reasons of the … This is important because comparing and contrasting the findings of other studies helps support the overall importance of your results and it highlights how and in what ways your case study design and the subject of analysis differs from prior research about the topic. “5 Candidates reading a questionnaire Photo Tony Ntumba MONUSCO” by MONUSCO Photos (CC BY-SA 2.0) via Flickr2. Phenomenology is based on the principle that a single experience can be interpreted in multiple ways and that reality consists of each participant’s interpretation of the said experience. Find out more: Case Study: The Wild Boy of Aveyron (BBC Radio 4 documentary). NOTE: The choice of the case or set of cases to study cannot appear random. Suggest Areas for Further Research ● Description o Illustrative Case Studies are used to describe a situation or a phenomenon, what is happening with it, and why it is happening. In another example – a case study about fatal decisions on battlefields (the phenomenon) – the study may consist of an intensive analysis of documents concerning some fatal decision in five great battles (the five cases) in the Second World War. You can state the study's limitations in the conclusion section of your paper but describing the limitations of your subject of analysis in the discussion section provides an opportunity to identify the limitations and explain why they are not significant. The objectives of your discussion section should include the following: Reiterate the Research Problem/State the Major Findings Although case studies offer detailed and in-depth information about a particular phenomenon, it is difficult to use this information to form generalization since they only focus on a single phenomenon. Explain the Meaning of the Findings and Why They are Important Ethnographies are also considered as a type of case studies. Case Studies. Think of a case study research paper as a complete, in-depth narrative about the specific properties and key characteristics of your subject of analysis applied to the research problem. As Seawright and Gerring note, practical considerations such as time and access to information can influence case selection, but these issues should not be the sole factors used in describing the methodological justification for identifying a particular case to study. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. While writing your paper, think introspectively about how you addressed these misconceptions because to do so can help you strengthen the validity and reliability of your research by clarifying issues of case selection, the testing and challenging of existing assumptions, the interpretation of key findings, and the summation of case outcomes. Just as you don't want to over-generalize from your case study findings, you also have to be thorough in the consideration of all possible outcomes or recommendations derived from your findings. General information about how to choose a topic to investigate can be found under the ", Does the case challenge and offer a counter-point, Does the case provide an opportunity to pursue action leading to the resolution, Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. “Building Theories from Case Study Research.”. Although your case study may offer important insights about the research problem, there are likely additional questions related to the problem that remain unanswered or findings that unexpectedly revealed themselves as a result of your in-depth analysis of the case. Case studies are sometimes classified into three categories known as exploratory, descriptive and explanatory case studies. When writing the discussion section, you should carefully consider all possible explanations revealed by the case study results, rather than just those that fit your hypothesis or prior assumptions and biases. “Case study research. The introduction to a case study research paper, however, should not only describe the research problem and its significance, but you should also succinctly describe why the case is being used and how it relates to addressing the problem. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2013; Gerring, John. Consider Alternative Explanations of the Findings studying multiple cases simultaneously or sequentially in. "Case Study." In the field of research, it refers to a study that is designed to understand the subjective, lived experiences and perspectives of participants. If the argument or purpose of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize these points for your reader. Note that these issues apply to a specific group of people used as a case study unit of analysis [e.g., a classroom of students]. The idea of research hierarchy (case studies are only to explore, surveys and histories are to describe and experiments are for explanatory or causal inquiries) in which case studies are 1 only a preliminary method and cannot be used to describe or test propositions, isn’t helpful. Hilldsale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992; Swanborn, Peter G. Case Study Research: What, Why and How? Case studies are often used to explore and unearth complex issues such as social issues, medical conditions, etc. Case studies do not necessarily mean they are only about one person or a small group of people. Sampling and Choosing Cases in Qualitative Research: A Realist Approach. The purpose of studying a rare event is to illuminate new ways of thinking about the broader research problem or to test a hypothesis. Here are the key elements to organizing and writing a case study research paper. A case study commences with identifying and defining the research problem; then the researcher has to select the cases and decide techniques for data collection and analysis. The Basis of the Phenomenon of Globalization... of Hyperinflation Hyperinflation is an economic term, which in accordance with the classic definition of year 1956 done by Philip Cagan (1956) is an average of 50% per month escalation of prices; this translates into per year rate of inflation of 12,875% (compound rate). Both these terms refer to types of research methods; however, phenomenology is also a concept in philosophical studies. A case study may be defined as an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon, an individual process or an event based on the context that uses multiple techniques for data collection and analysis. A case study is defined as “an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence are used” (Yin,1984). The researcher may also have to conduct several interview sessions with each participant since phenomenology relies heavily on interviews. As a philosophical study, phenomenology refers to the study of the structures of experience and consciousness. Looking at a prior example, it would be incorrect to state that a factor in improving girls access to education in Azerbaijan and the policy implications this may have for improving access in other Muslim nations is due to girls access to social media if there is no documentary evidence from your case study to indicate this. The case study discussed in the paper brings out our evidence-based approach in reflighting a helicopter aircrew with CSFP. In the social and life sciences, a case study is a research method involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular case. The mathematical model that we use for studying the nature of pairwise connections among entities is known as the graph.Some graphs exhibit a specific property known as the small-world phenomenon. A case study research paper examines a person, place, event, phenomenon, or other type of subject of analysis in order to extrapolate key themes and results that help predict future trends, illuminate previously hidden issues that can be applied to practice, and/or provide a means for understanding an important research problem with greater clarity. phenomenon. The ‘Superstar Phenomenon’ explains how a celebrity like a singer or an athlete can earn exceptionally high incomes. “Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research.”, Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. an attempt to generate a still broader appreciation of a. particular issue. Critical incident case studies must describe the method by which you identified the event and explain the process by which you determined the validity of this case to inform broader perspectives about the research problem or to reveal new findings. In Failure to Document Limitations There may be anecdotal evidence that retention rates were better for girls who were engaged with social media, but this observation would only point to the need for further research and would not be a definitive finding if this was not a part of your original research agenda. The research problem could be that ISIS fighters are difficult to combat because they are highly mobile. Be alert to what the in-depth analysis of the case may reveal about the research problem, including offering a contrarian perspective to what scholars have stated in prior research if that is how the findings can be interpreted from your case. Relate the Findings to Similar Studies “What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for?” American Political Science Review 98 (May 2004): 341-354; Mills, Albert J., Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007; Merriam, Sharan B. Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. Case Study Research in Practice. At Least Five Misconceptions about Case Study Research. "Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research." A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. 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