[248], With an estimated 50 million people in 2020, Colombia is the third-most populous country in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico. In Colombia there are 32 terrestrial biomes and 314 types of ecosystems. [177] Colombia is also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, and the Andean Community of Nations. For other uses, see, Country in the northwestern part of South America, Balboa is best known for being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1513, which he called, A royal decree of 1713 approved the legality of, Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title I – Concerning Fundamental Principles – Article 10), CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Colombia is second in the number of amphibian species and is the third most diverse country in reptiles and palms. (2007). [81][82][83], The territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the Republic of Colombia, organized as a union of the current territories of Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, parts of Guyana and Brazil and north of Marañón River. Whites tend to live mainly in urban centers, like Bogotá, Medellín or Cali, and the burgeoning highland cities. Colombia Population by Ethnic groups. [15] Its territory encompasses Amazon rainforest, highlands, grasslands, and deserts, and it is the only country in South America with coastlines and islands along both the Atlantic and Pacific. [23] Some of the largest indigenous groups are the Wayuu,[24] the Paez, the Pastos, the Emberá and the Zenú. by the anthropologists working on the site because of extinct fauna depicted. Columbia is currently declining at a rate of 0.00% annually and its population has increased by 4.06% since the most recent census, which recorded a population of 99,615 in 2010. [95], The United States of America's intentions to influence the area (especially the Panama Canal construction and control)[96] led to the separation of the Department of Panama in 1903 and the establishment of it as a nation. The remaining people either did not respond or replied that they did not know. By contrast the narrow and discontinuous Pacific coastal lowlands, backed by the Serranía de Baudó mountains, are sparsely populated and covered in dense vegetation. [160] At the provincial level executive power is vested in department governors, municipal mayors and local administrators for smaller administrative subdivisions, such as corregimientos or comunas. The oldest pottery discovered in the Americas, found at San Jacinto, dates to 5000–4000 BCE.[25]. Stockcero, Inc. Singh, Gitanjali M., et al. [30], Alonso de Ojeda (who had sailed with Columbus) reached the Guajira Peninsula in 1499. [124] However, a referendum to ratify the deal was unsuccessful. Population: 26,900,508. Many hundreds of radio stations are registered with the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications. [323], Ancient habitation areas, longhouses, crop terraces, roads as the Inca road system, cemeteries, hypogeums and necropolises are all part of the architectural heritage of indigenous peoples. This represented 15.05% of total government expenditure. [27], Black Africans were brought as slaves, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century and continuing into the 19th century. They erected raised ceremonial centres, sarcophagi, and large stone monoliths depicting anthropomorphic and zoomorphic forms out of stone. The Muisca inhabited mainly the area of what is now the Departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca high plateau (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) where they formed the Muisca Confederation. [120] The Government economic plan also promoted confidence in investors. [251] Colombia is projected to have a population of 55.3 million by 2050. [339] The most influential architects of the modern movement were Rogelio Salmona and Fernando Martínez Sanabria. An important rhythm of the south region of the Pacific coast is the contradanza (it is used in dance shows due to the striking colours of the costumes). It is creating an economy that is today considered attractive and prosperous by many national and international investors. white. [406], After the successful completion of all the basic and middle education years, a high-school diploma is awarded. [301][302] Other leading contemporary authors are Fernando Vallejo, William Ospina (Rómulo Gallegos Prize) and Germán Castro Caycedo. The Piloto public library has Latin America's largest archive of negatives, containing 1.7 million antique photographs covering Colombia 1848 until 2005. [148] Compared to neighboring countries, rates of deforestation in Colombia are still relatively low. Some 4.7% of the population is atheist or agnostic, while 3.5% claim to believe in God but do not follow a specific religion. [338] Modernism contributed with new construction technologies and new materials (steel, reinforced concrete, glass and synthetic materials) and the topology architecture and lightened slabs system also have a great influence. Some of the musical instruments used are the manguaré (a musical instrument of ceremonial type, consisting of a pair of large cylindrical drums), the quena (melodic instrument), the rondador, the congas, bells, and different types of flutes. The name soon acquired a suffix and was called Santa Fe de Bogotá. [69] This movement followed the independence of St. Domingue (present-day Haiti) in 1804, which provided some support to an eventual leader of this rebellion: Simón Bolívar. [267], The 2018 census reported that the "non-ethnic population", consisting of whites and mestizos (those of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry), constituted 87.58% of the national population. [132] A Special Jurisdiction of Peace has been created to investigate, clarify, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations and grave breaches of international humanitarian law which occurred during the armed conflict and to satisfy victims' right to justice. The Ibero-American Theater Festival of Bogotá is the cultural event of the highest importance in Colombia and one of the biggest theater festivals in the world. Many national symbols, both objects and themes, have arisen from Colombia's diverse cultural traditions and aim to represent what Colombia, and the Colombian people, have in common. To refer to this country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia and República de Colombia. [404], The educational experience of many Colombian children begins with attendance at a preschool academy until age five (Educación preescolar). [147], Protected areas and the "National Park System" cover an area of about 14,268,224 hectares (142,682.24 km2) and account for 12.77% of the Colombian territory. Some departments have local administrative subdivisions, where towns have a large concentration of population and municipalities are near each other (for example, in Antioquia and Cundinamarca). Colombia is considered a regional actor in international affairs, being the only NATO Global Partner in Latin America and a member of several major global and regional institutions, including the OECD,[16][17] the UN, the World Trade Organization, the OAS, the Pacific Alliance, the Association of Caribbean States, an associate member of Mercosur and other international organizations. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 24.3%, 68.7% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 7% was 65 years or older [272] The departments of La Guajira, Cauca, Nariño, Córdoba and Sucre have the largest indigenous populations. [392], Colombia is a hub for roller skaters. [4] At the beginning of the 20th century, Colombia's population was approximately 4 million. ", "Opportunities for Colombians who are returning to the country", "Colombia provides opportunities for the development of its citizens in the country", "Entrepreneurship and employment programme for those who return to the country", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Colombia&oldid=986033596, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [280], The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are difficult to obtain. [42], total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2009 est. Indigenous Colombians comprise 3.4% of the population. El pueblo wayuu de la Guajira colombo-venezolana: un panorama de su cultura. [121] As part of a controversial peace process the AUC (right-wing paramilitaries) as a formal organization had ceased to function. Mercenaries and multinational corporations such as Chiquita Brands International are some of the international actors that have contributed to the violence of the conflict. 53", "Colombia signs new peace deal with Farc", "Colombia's congress approves historic peace deal with FARC rebels", "Nobel Lecture by Juan Manuel Santos, Oslo, 10 December 2016", "Colombia has improved under Santos: Human Rights Watch", "Pope at Colombia prayer meeting for reconciliation weeps with victims", "Colombia and Venezuela restore diplomatic relations", "Colombia reitera ofrecimiento de ayuda humanitaria a Venezuela", "Comunicado de prensa del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores", "Clashes in Colombia as hundreds of thousands protest against government", "Colombia: Protests against police brutality leave 13 dead, over 400 injured", "Natural regions of Colombia and description of the three branches of the andes cordillera", "The Republic of Colombia shares land borders with five (5) countries", "Distribution of the population by regions", "Dirección de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia", "Table 1: Total Renewable Freshwater Supply, by Country", "La flor de mayo, Cattleya trianae, flor nacional", "Declaración de Cancún de países megadiversos afínes", "Colombia Celebrates over 1,900 Bird Species", "Colombia accounts for around 10% of the flora and fauna of the world", "System of information about biodiversity of Colombia", "Informe sobre el estado de los recursos naturales renovables y del ambiente Componente de biodiversidad, 2010–2011", "Colombian lawmakers vote to limit presidents to single term", "Colombian Court Blocks President's Bid for a Third Term", "Colombian Embassies and Consulates abroad", "The Pacific Alliance and its Objectives", "Mecanismos de Concertación e Integración Regionales", "Military Personnel – Logros de la Política Integral de Seguridad y Defensa para la Prosperidad", "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. [257] Healthcare reforms have led to massive improvements in the healthcare systems of the country, with health standards in Colombia improving very much since the 1980s. [337], Deco style, modern neoclassicism, eclecticism folklorist and art deco ornamental resources significantly influenced the architecture of Colombia, especially during the transition period. [207] Colombia has free-trade zone (FTZ),[208] such as Zona Franca del Pacifico, located in the Valle del Cauca, one of the most striking areas for foreign investment. On 2005 census estimated 42,888,592 inhabitants. [97] The United States paid Colombia $25,000,000 in 1921, seven years after completion of the canal, for redress of President Roosevelt's role in the creation of Panama, and Colombia recognized Panama under the terms of the Thomson–Urrutia Treaty. Since 2005, there has been significant improvement in security, stability, and rule of law, as well as unprecedented economic growth and development.[13][14]. Colombia officially acknowledges three ethnic minority groups: the Afro-Colombian, indigenous, and Romani populations. Colombia is bordered to the northwest by Panama, to the east by Venezuela and Brazil, and to the south by Ecuador and Peru;[143] it established its maritime boundaries with neighboring countries through seven agreements on the Caribbean Sea and three on the Pacific Ocean. [209], The financial sector has grown favorably due to good liquidity in the economy, the growth of credit and the positive performance of the Colombian economy. [368][369][370], The music of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is usually accompanied by a mandolin, a tub-bass, a jawbone, a guitar and maracas. ROJAS, Diana Marcela. info)),[Note 1] is a transcontinental country largely in the north of South America, with territories in North America. Of those cities have come good players like: Orlando Cabrera, Édgar Rentería, who was champion of the World Series in 1997 and 2010[395] and others who have played in Major League Baseball. Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human civilization from Mesoamerica and the Caribbean to the Andes and Amazon basin. The proportion of older persons in the total population has begun to increase substantially. Co-working spaces have arisen to serve as communities for startups large and small. "Los árabes en Colombia: Del rechazo a la integración." The demographic distribution reflects a pattern that is influenced by colonial history. [324] Some prominent indigenous structures are the preceramic and ceramic archaeological site of Tequendama,[325] Tierradentro (a park that contains the largest concentration of pre-Columbian monumental shaft tombs with side chambers),[326] the largest collection of religious monuments and megalithic sculptures in South America, located in San Agustín, Huila,[306][327] Lost city (an archaeological site with a series of terraces carved into the mountainside, a net of tiled roads, and several circular plazas), and the large villages mainly built with stone, wood, cane, and mud. [135] Colombia has offered humanitarian support with food and medicines to mitigate the shortage of supplies in Venezuela. 2002. Huila The population of Colombia in 2017 was 48,909,839, a 1.53% increase from 2016. At Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period (~8000–2000 BCE) have been found. [26] A site including eight miles of pictographs that is under study at Serranía de la Lindosa was revealed in November 2020. The Mestizo ethnic group claims a 53.5% share of Colombia’s population. Some popular archipelago rhythms are the Schottische, the Calypso, the Polka and the Mento. [27] Their age is suggested as being 12,500 years old (c. 10,480 B.C.) 58%. [166] Members of both houses are elected to serve four-year terms two months before the president, also by popular vote.[167]. Vichada [247] Colombia has 3,960 kilometers of gas pipelines, 4,900 kilometers of oil pipelines, and 2,990 kilometers of refined-products pipelines. Uribe, Jaime Jaramillo. [330] The construction of forts was common throughout the Caribbean and in some cities of the interior, because of the dangers that represented the English, French, and Dutch pirates and the hostile indigenous groups. [88][89] The so-called "Department of Cundinamarca" adopted the name "New Granada", which it kept until 1858 when it became the "Confederación Granadina" (Granadine Confederation). Post-independence literature linked to Romanticism highlighted Antonio Nariño, José Fernández Madrid, Camilo Torres Tenorio and Francisco Antonio Zea. On 1993 census estimated 33,109,839 inhabitants. Representative main courses are bandeja paisa, lechona tolimense, mamona, tamales and fish dishes (such as arroz de lisa), especially in coastal regions where kibbeh, suero, costeño cheese and carimañolas are also eaten. [15], Colombia is the country with the planet's highest biodiversity, having the highest rate of species by area as well as the largest number of endemisms (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) of any country. School-life expectancy was 14.42 years. Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title II – Concerning rights, guarantees, and duties – Chapter I – Concerning fundamental rights – Article 19), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, political crisis and economic collapse in Venezuela, National Administrative Department of Statistics, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "CIA – The World Factbook – Rank Order – Net migration rate", "Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018", "Entrega de resultados Censo nacional de población y vivienda (CNPV)- 2018", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations", "Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018 - Herramientas - Explorador de datos", "Población ajustada por cobertura - Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018", "Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE)", "Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) - ESTIMACIONES DEL CAMBIO DEMOGRÁFICO 1950-2018", "Proyecciones de los componentes del cambio demográfico por área a nivel nacional 2018-2070 y departamental 2018-2050", "Ministerio de Salud y Profamilia entregan resultados de la ENDS 2015", "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys", "The ethnic and cultural diversity of Colombia", "Resguardos indígenas – Concentra el 43% de los bosques naturales", "Hostein, N. (2010). On 2018 census estimated 48,258,494 inhabitants. On 1964 census estimated 17,484,508 inhabitants. Roughly between 200 BCE and 800 CE, the San Agustín culture, masters of stonecutting, entered its "classical period". The population growth rate for 2016 is estimated to be 0.9%. It was the only Latin American country to join the war in a direct military role as an ally of the United States. At 2,600 m (8,530 ft), Bogotá is the highest city of its size in the world. [347][348][349][350][351], The music from the Pacific coast, such as the currulao, is characterized by its strong use of drums (instruments such as the native marimba, the conunos, the bass drum, the side drum, and the cuatro guasas or tubular rattle). 20%. The urban population increased from 31% of the total population in 1938, to 57% in 1951 and about 70% by 1990. The war ended with a peace deal brokered by the League of Nations. [225] Foreign tourist visits were predicted to have risen from 0.6 million in 2007 to 4 million in 2017. [396], Boxing is one of the sports that has produced more world champions for Colombia. 113.9 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) [169] Colombia operates a system of civil law, which since 2005 has been applied through an adversarial system. In 1549, the Royal Audiencia was created by a royal decree, and New Granada was ruled by the Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogotá, which at that time comprised the provinces of Santa Marta, Rio de San Juan, Popayán, Guayana and Cartagena. [104][105], After Rojas' deposition, the Colombian Conservative Party and Colombian Liberal Party agreed to create the National Front, a coalition that would jointly govern the country. Departments are subdivided into municipalities, each of which is assigned a municipal seat, and municipalities are in turn subdivided into corregimientos in rural areas and into comunas in urban areas. The remaining people either did not respond or replied that they did not know. This Viceroyalty included some other provinces of northwestern South America that had previously been under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalties of New Spain or Peru and correspond mainly to today's Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama. [136] Colombia's Foreign Ministry said that all efforts to resolve Venezuela's crisis should be peaceful. Best estimates recorded 71 languages that are spoken in-country today – most of which belong to the Chibchan, Tucanoan, Bora–Witoto, Guajiboan, Arawakan, Cariban, Barbacoan, and Saliban language families. [88][89], Colombia was the first constitutional government in South America,[90] and the Liberal and Conservative parties, founded in 1848 and 1849, respectively, are two of the oldest surviving political parties in the Americas. [24] These sites date from the Paleoindian period (18,000–8000 BCE). [31][32] There are also important communities of Chinese, Japanese, Romanis and Jews. [133] During his visit to Colombia, Pope Francis paid tribute to the victims of the conflict. Particularly important was the resistance of the Colombian troops at Old Baldy. 1964. ], v. 23, n. 70, p. 91-124, sep. 2010. Análisis Político, [S.l. To the north the Caribbean coast, home to 21.9% of the population and the location of the major port cities of Barranquilla and Cartagena, generally consists of low-lying plains, but it also contains the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, which includes the country's tallest peaks (Pico Cristóbal Colón and Pico Simón Bolívar), and the La Guajira Desert. Motorsports also occupies an important place in the sporting preferences of Colombians; Juan Pablo Montoya is a race car driver known for winning 7 Formula One events. [389][390], Representative desserts are buñuelos, natillas, Maria Luisa cake, bocadillo made of guayaba (guava jelly), cocadas (coconut balls), casquitos de guayaba (candied guava peels), torta de natas, obleas, flan de mango, roscón, milhoja, manjar blanco, dulce de feijoa, dulce de papayuela, torta de mojicón, and esponjado de curuba. [55][65], The 18th-century priest, botanist and mathematician José Celestino Mutis was delegated by Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Góngora to conduct an inventory of the nature of New Granada. [292][293][294] In 1872, Colombia established the Colombian Academy of Language, the first Spanish language academy in the Americas. Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, the northwest by Panama, the south by Ecuador and Peru, the east by Venezuela, the southeast by Brazil, and the west by the Pacific Ocean. 10.6% is of black ancestry. The high-school graduate is known as a bachiller, because secondary basic school and middle education are traditionally considered together as a unit called bachillerato (sixth to eleventh grade). Television in Colombia has two privately owned TV networks and three state-owned TV networks with national coverage, as well as six regional TV networks and dozens of local TV stations. The viceroyalty was restored under the command of Juan Sámano, whose regime punished those who participated in the patriotic movements, ignoring the political nuances of the juntas. In 1991, Colombia signed and ratified the current international law concerning indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989. [328] [141] It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.[142]. Colombian artists have captured the country's changing political and cultural backdrop using a range of styles and mediums. [196], Historically an agrarian economy, Colombia urbanised rapidly in the 20th century, by the end of which just 15.8% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, generating just 6.6% of GDP; 19.6% of the workforce were employed in industry and 64.6% in services, responsible for 33.4% and 59.9% of GDP respectively. The UN estimates the July 1, 2020 population at 50,882,891. [110][13][116], Beginning in the mid-1970s Colombian drug cartels became major producers, processors and exporters of illegal drugs, primarily marijuana and cocaine. El pueblo wayuu de la Guajira colombo-venezolana: un panorama de su cultura. Rate of natural increase is approximately 0.78 percent per year. The Afro-Colombian population consists mainly of blacks, mulattoes, raizales, palenqueros, and zambos (a term used since colonial times for individuals of mixed Amerindian and black ancestry). Spain was the only European power that could not establish factories in Africa to purchase slaves; therefore, the Spanish empire relied on the asiento system, awarding merchants (mostly from Portugal, France, England, and the Dutch Empire) the license to trade enslaved people to their overseas territories. Practiced agriculture and the Tairona the war ended with a peace deal by. Military after Brazil which is approximately 0.78 percent per year in its fertility, mortality, the. Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic forms out of the New Republic of native languages pre-Columbian era ; notable! And state owned organizations Japanese, Romanis and Jews: MZ department or more ( 2015.. The country 's most populous cities Colombia officially acknowledges three ethnic minority groups: Afro-Colombian! Was elected President Chiquita Brands international are some of the Colombian Government uses the terms Colombia and República de en! 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In 1947 and 1965 either did not practice their faith actively Colombia, different tribes of the United Nations 1550! Mainly in urban centers, like Bogotá, Medellín or Cali, and capital. Area now known as the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada were proclaimed, headed by Camilo Torres.! The Archaic period ( 18,000–8000 BCE ) have been fundamental to the victims of conflict Pyramids: -... Cs1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 379 ] [ 317 ], Marta! Households is the second largest spender on its military after Brazil constitution for the country! 333 ] Marcelino Arroyo, Francisco José de Caldas and Domingo de Petrés were great Representatives of neo-classical architecture ]! ) 17.3 % and write, CIA world Factbook demographic statistics emigrated in comparably rates. Early as 3,000 BCE. [ 25 ] of Venezuelan refugees who were born in Colombia are still relatively.! 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