Helpline. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common and complex neurodegenerative disorders that primarily affects older adults [2]. Excellence Network data dashboards; Search more resources for professionals. In our study, there were 16,152 new PD cases from 2010 to 2015, with a mean annual incidence of 23.9 cases per 100,000 individuals. de Rijk MC, Launer LJ, Berger K, Breteler MM, Dartigues JF, Baldereschi M, Fratiglioni L, Lobo A, Martinez-Lage J, Trenkwalder C, et al. 2009;19(6):281–93. [2,3,6,12][13,14] A recent study examining geographic variation in reporting of PD mortality in the United States showed strong north-to-south decreasing gradients for mortality rates for whites, regardless of gender, but no clear west-to-east gradient was demonstrated. The first possible cause for an increase in the incidence rate of PD is an increasingly older population. This study suggests that the increased prevalence might be due mainly to the aging of the population. The data used in this study were extracted from the national health insurance service (NHIS) database and RID registry. Incidence rates per 100,000 person-years were calculated using the Kaiser Permanente membership information as the denominator and adjusted for age and/or gender using the direct method of standardization. Incidence The female-to-male ratio in the incidence of PD was 1.4:1 while the female-to-male ratio in the prevalence of PD was 1.6:1. The incidence among men and women was 20.0 cases per 100,000 individuals and 27.7 cases per 100,000 individuals, respectively, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.4:1. Parkinson disease in twins: An etiologic study. Drugs Aging. The diagnostic criteria for PD established by the NHI in the RID program are similar to the UK PD society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria, and are as follows: 1) diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndrome (Parkinsonism): mild or worse bradykinesia and at least one of the following: muscular rigidity, rest tremor, postural instability; 2) the exclusion criteria for PD: history of strokes, head injury, definite encephalitis, drug side effects, and hypoxia; 3) supportive prospective positive criteria for PD: three or more required for diagnosis of definite PD in combination with step one: unilateral onset, rest tremor present, progressive disorder, persistent asymmetry affecting the side of onset most, excellent response (70–100%) to levodopa, severe levodopa-induced chorea, levodopa response for 5 years or more, clinical course of 10 years or more. However, it is very uncommon for people under the age of 30 to develop Parkinson's Disease. [22] Although twin studies indicate that genetic factors do not play a major role in causing typical PD, studies of several large kindred with PD or a parkinsonian syndrome have confirmed the role played by different genes such as α-synuclein and parkin. [PubMed Abstract]. Exposure to pesticides is one proposed risk factor for Parkinson’s disease, while coffee consumption and smoking have been claimed as protective factors, though the mechanism remains unclear. [23] Those who did not drink coffee had a fivefold greater risk when compared with those who drank 28 ounces or more coffee a day. Whether or not Parkinson’s disease frequency varies by race/ethnicity or gender has been a source of controversy for many decades (1–6). However, the diagnosis of PD in the RID database is based on diagnostic criteria standardized in hospitals by the NHI. [PubMed Abstract] Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15355, Republic of Korea, Joo-Hyun Park, Do-Hoon Kim & Moonyoung Choi, Department of Neurology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15355, Republic of Korea, Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Department of Biostatics, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Jin-Hyung Jung, Kyungdo Han & Yong-Gyu Park, You can also search for this author in This study examined all PD patients registered in a South Korean national registry database of more than 50 million individuals. Neuropathological assessment of Parkinson’s disease: refining the diagnostic criteria. The frequency of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease by age, ethnic group, and sex in northern Manhattan, 1988–1993. Family history has been implicated as a significant risk factor for PD in several large epidemiological studies, and the estimated prevalence of positive family history ranges from 5% to 40%.[20]. In this older age group, the incidence and prevalence of PD were higher in women than in men, and the female-to-male ratios in 2015 were 1.2: 1 and 1.4: 1, respectively. J Neurol. vol. World population prospects: the 2017 revision, key fings and advance tables. 2002;21(6):292–6. Correspondence to In the United States, at least half a million people are diagnosed as having PD, and the frequency of PD is predicted to triple over the next 50 years as the average age of the population increases. (The maps depicted in Figure 4 were produced by Joo-Hyun, Park.). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. J Neurol Sci 1995;132:201-206. Blin P, Dureau-Pournin C, Foubert-Samier A, Grolleau A, Corbillon E, Jove J, Lassalle R, Robinson P, Poutignat N, Droz-Perroteau C, et al. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first Asian study to examine long-term trends in the incidence of PD using uniform and reliable diagnostic criteria. J Formos Med Assoc. Conversely, the trend remained stable in women until 2013, then an increase in the incidence of PD was observed from 2014 onwards. [PubMed Abstract] Zhang ZX, Roman GC. Part of Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in the Parsi community of Bombay, India. This study had no selection bias as it examined a stable and generalized population. Ainsi, on constate que la maladie est : 1. rare avant 50 ans : 2 ‰ maximum ; 2. plus fréquente vers 65 ans : jusqu'à 8 ‰ (17 % des nouveaux cas concernent des moins de 65 ans) ; 3. très fréquente au-delà de 85 ans : jusqu'à 35 ‰. Google Scholar. The findings may contribute to epidemiological studies of PD in Asia, and may provide clues on risk factors for PD. [PubMed Abstract] Mayeux R, Marder K, Cote LJ, et al. [15] Zhang and Roman found that the geographic distribution of incidence appears to be consistent with information on prevalence. 2015;386(9996):896–912. 1. However, given the different trends observed in men and women and our consistent patient identification strategy, the observed increase is likely to be a real increase in incidence and prevalence. Before being submitted to the NHI, the physician’s diagnosis passes through a verification process and is reviewed by another health care personnel in their institution. After a review by the Korea National Health Insurance Sharing Service Institutional Data Access / Ethics Committee, authors are required to pay a data access fee and confirm that other researchers will be able to access the data in the same manner as the authors. However, many Asian studies have reported female preponderance in PD [22, 24,25,26,27,28], while only some studies showed only male preponderance [14], or no difference between the genders [10, 29]. to help authors and editors create and distribute accurate, clear, easily accessible reports of biomedical studies. Therefore, further research is needed to study the incidence and prevalence of PD, particularly in Asia. 10. Bradykinesia 4. Cite this article. The NHIS is a mandatory universal health insurance system that covers the entire Korean population [19]. Mortality increased for persons 75 years and older but declined for those younger than age 70. These studies reported either a stable incidence [11, 16], a slight decrease [12,13,14, 17], or an increase [9, 10] in the incidence of PD over time. La maladie de Parkinson est une maladie dont la fréquence augmente avec l'âge. In individuals aged 50 and older, the incidence of PD increased from 73.2 cases per 100,00 individuals in 2010 to 88.7 cases per 100,00 individuals in 2015. Currently, the NHIS-RID database does not provide information on insurance disqualification. Movement disorders: Neurologic Principles and Practice. 20. Studies in risk factors are limited by difficulties in assessment of exposure and selection of appropriate controls. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence and 10-year incidence of PD in the Australian community. National Library of Medicine (NLM), were first published in 1979. Through this process, we are certain that a diagnosis in the RID database has a relatively higher accuracy than other insurance data. Validity of mortality data for Parkinson’s disease. In: Watts RL, Koller WC (eds). There is no period after the journal name. Mov Disord 1997; 12:197-205. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. [21] The largest twin study to date showed that genetic factors appear to be important when disease begins at or before 50 years of age. Variations in incidence and prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in Taiwan: a population-based nationwide study. Furthermore, a thorough analysis of this trend may provide clues on the environmental factors involved in the etiology and characteristics of PD in Korea. 17. Improved accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Lewy body Parkinson's disease. 2014;29(1):68–76. Despite many epidemiological studies conducted over the years, many key aspects of this disease remain unclear. A recent study showed that the prevalence in Yonago City, Japan, increased from 80.6 (per 100,000 population) in 1980 to 117.9 in 1992, but that the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence decreased from 103.9 per 100,000 to 99.5. Sleep disturbances 3. Parkinson’s disease incidence and prevalence assessment in France using the national healthcare insurance database. [PubMed Abstract] Similar to our findings, several previous studies also reported an increase in the incidence of PD over time. 43 , No. Melcon MO, Anderson DW, Vergara RH, et al. The decline among the most elderly seen in some studies probably results from the very few people in this age group and may also reflect diagnostic and ascertaining difficulties. There was a steady increase in the number of incident cases in both men and women (Fig. The reasons for this discrepancy are unclear and may be the results of several compounding factors. Some researchers suggest that exposure to an influenza virus in the fetus or childhood might predispose one to PD in adulthood.[24]. role in causing PD. This is currently the only nationwide epidemiological study of PD in Korea. Gender differences Liu CC, Li CY, Lee PC, Sun Y. The standardized incidence of PD in men increased over the study period. Prognosis of Parkinson’s disease in Japan. Table 2 shows the prevalence and incidence of PD in the individuals under or over 50 years of age. AGE DISTRIBUTION. Medications alone cost an average of $2,500 a year and therapeutic surgery can cost up to $100,000 per person. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999;53:587-588. Parkinson’s disease: evidence for environmental risk factors. Previous studies have reported that the incidence of PD increased [9, 10], stabilized [11], or slightly decreased [12,13,14] over the years. Comparative epidemiology of incident Parkinson’s disease in Cambridgeshire, UK. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders, second in frequency only to Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Neurol. J Epidemiol. The medical records linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology project was used to identify residents of Olmsted Birthplace as a risk factor in motor neurone disease and Parkinson’s disease. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in the biracial population of Copiah County, Mississippi. Our results indicate an increasing trend in the annual prevalence and incidence rates of PD over the past 6 years. Incidence and natural course of inflammatory bowel disease in Korea, 2006-2012: a nationwide population-based study. A partir de quel âge la maladie de Parkinson peut-elle se déclarer ? The largest increase was recorded in Jeonbuk with a prevalence ratio of 1.4 from 2010 to 2015. [PubMed Absract] 4. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins:1998:133-158. Further studies are required in these areas. Both changes in the incidence of PD over time and the survival time of individuals with PD affect the prevalence of PD [23]. Infectious agents were considered as a possible cause for PD because encephalitis lethargica often preceded parkinsonism during the influenza pandemic of the early 1920s. This leads to the diagnosis of previously undiagnosed cases and swifter referrals of patients with PD. 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