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 It consists of slowly pressing a steel cone into the soil and measuring the penetration resistance. This Glossary of Soil Science Terms was an ad hoc committee of the Soil Science of America to provide a single glossary of terms for the various disciplines of soil science. Peat – fibrous organic matter in various stages of decomposition, generally darkbrown to black in color and of spongy consistency. This site designed and maintained by CFAES Marketing and Communications. Vane Shear Test – a shear test in which a rod with thin radial vanes at the end is forced into the soil and the resistance to rotation of the rod is determined. Compacted soils hold less air and water and are denser than uncompacted soils. Anisotropic Soils – soils having different properties in different directions. The Soil profile is made up of broken-down rock materials of varying degrees of fineness. Soil particle density is lower for soils with high organic matter content, and is higher for soils with high iron-oxides content. The basic unit of study: Soil Profiles A soil profile is a vertical cross- section of a soil. Over 80% of plants have a mycorrhizal association but these fungus populations are reduced by conventional tillage and high fertilizer applications of nitrogen and phosphorus. Outcrop – Exposed portions of bedrock at ground surface. Typically considered nonliving and are capable of growth only in a living cell. Isotropic – an adjective used to describe materials with physical properties that are the same regardless of the direction of measurement. The Shelby-tube sampler is a tube that is pressed into the soil to be sampled, usually by a drilling rig. Mud – a mixture of soil and water in a fluid state. Technical descriptions of the soil are not only useful for farmers, but for scientists, ecologists, soil engineers, hydrologists and land use planners. The soil in a coniferous forest tends to be young and nutrient-poor. Humic acid has a relatively high molecular weight and is dense, aromatic, and dark brown to black in color. The inorganic materials are the non-living aspects of the soil … Macropores are important for soil aeration and good drainage. Specific Maintenance of Respiration (qCO2): It is expressed as basal respiration per unit of total microbial biomass. These tests are a measure of the plasticity of a soil. This zone extends from the ground surface to the maximum depth of significant moisture fluctuation. Gradation – graph showing the proportions by mass of a soil or fragmented rock distributed in specified particle-size ranges. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and be retained on the No. Shear – a force applied to a soil sample perpendicular to the long axis of the sample. The “Site Description” and “Profile Description” sections generally follow conventional profile description format and Fines – portion of a soil finer than a No. Groundwater Level – the level below which the rock and subsoil, to unknown depths, are sturated. The development of soil takes time, between hundreds and thousands of years, and consists of diverse materials which are both inorganic and organic. Most soil profiles cover the earth as 2 main layers—topsoil and subsoil. Overburden – loose soil that overlies bedrock; also refers to all material overlying point of interest in a given soil deposit, such as the soil that must be moved to get to a level where construction of foundation components may begin. However, both nitrogen and phosphorus are responsible for sea water eutrophication, such as in the Gulf of Mexico. These include the “A” horizon, the uppermost layer of a soil profile from which inorganic colloids and other soluble materials have been leached; the “B” horizon, the layer of a soil profile in which material leached … Soil Texture: Relative portion of sand, silt, and clay in a given amount of soil. Core Drilling – a rotary drilling technique that cuts out cylindrical rock samples. Anaerobesis of soil is also responsible for widespread soil-borne diseases. Example: more humified soil organic matter. Over time, a number of environmental forces act to create distinct layers or horizons parallel to the soil … Rocks subject to continuous processes of physical and chemical and biological weathering.Due to this continuous weathering, these develop layers of soil one over the other in a … Typically, it occurs under anaerobic (lack of oxygen) conditions when soil is wet and compacted. Split-Spoon Sampler – device used for obtaining soil samples in a predrilled hole and from some depth beneath the surface. Compacted soils have poor structure and more microaggregates and micropores. 4 (4.75-mm) U.S. standard sieve. Bearing Wall – a wall that carries a structural load, such as that from upper floors or a roof. Permafrost – perennially frozen soil found at varying depths. Macroaggregates are typically found in undisturbed soils such as continuous no-till with cover crops. Angle of Repose – Angle between the horizontal and the maximum slope that soil assumes through natural processes.  Part of the Standard Penetration Test (SPT). | Columbus, Ohio 43210 | 614-292-6181 Fulvic acid is less dense, more alipathic, and has a low molecular weight compared to humin and humic acid but has a high nitrogen content that is more available to plants. For technical support please contact the CFAES Helpdesk. Bentonite Clay – soil with a high content of montmorillonite clay that is characterized by high swelling potential. Aeration: Any method of loosening soil or compost to allow air to circulate. By using common terminology, soil profile descriptions are valuable for deciding how the soil might be used and/or predicting how the soil might react to its intended use. The horizons are normally designated by symbols and letters. In fact, if we counted all the animals on earth, four out of every five would be a nematode. Soil Mechanics – the application of the laws and principles of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with soil as an engineering material. Ideal soil quality indicators should (1) correlate well with ecosystem processes; (2) integrate soil physical, chemical, and biological properties and processes; (3) be accessible to many users; and (4) be sensitive to management and natural processes. Hydrostatic Pore Water Pressure – the portion of the pore water pressure that is due to the force of gravity acting on the water above. This index can be used as an early and sensitive indicator of carbon or soil organic matter accumulation and could help explain the complex nature of global carbon cycling. Legume: Legumes are plants associated with nitrogen fixing organisms and include peas, beans, peanuts, clovers, alfalfa, lespedezas, vetches, and kudzu. Consolidation – the process of gradual reduction in volume of a soil mass resulting from an increase in compressive stress. Bearing capacity of soil is the value of the average contact pressure between the foundation and the soil which will produce shear failure in the soil. Ultimate bearing capacity is the theoretical maximum pressure which can be supported without failure. Allowable bearing capacity is what is used in geotechnical design, and is the ultimate bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety. distance, and the number of hammer blows (N) are noted. Mycorrhizae: Literally means "fungus root" and is a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship between fungus and plant roots. Alluvial Soil – soil that has been transported in suspension by flowing water and subsequently deposited by sedimentation. Specific Gravity of Solids – ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of solids at a stated temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume of distilled water at a given temperature. They have a hydrocarbon structure composed of C-C, C-N, C=C, and C-O-C bonds. Macroaggregates: Soil aggregates greater than 250 micrometers in size consisting of microaggregates cemented together by organic matter, microbial polysaccharides, fungal hyphae, earthworm excretions, and plant roots. Glacial Till – Man-made fabrics designed for use in soil stabilization and control. Allowable Bearing Pressure – the maximum bearing pressure that satisfies both bearing capacity and settlement criteria. Mesofauna: Animal life of medium size (between 2 and 0.2 millimeters in diameter). Mohr Failure Envelope – the envelope of a sequence of Mohr circles representing  different stress conditions at failure for a given material. On the surface, soils look pretty much the same… dirt. Coefficient of Compressibility – the rate of change of void ratio relative to applied pressure. Pectin is an example of hemicelluloses. Bacteria: A large group of single-celled microorganisms lacking chlorophyll and are prokaryotic (lacking a nucleus). No-Till: A system where the crop is planted directly into a seedbed without tilling or disturbing the entire soil surface. The shear force tends to tear the sample apart along a plane referred to as the shear plane. (75 mm) sieve and be retained on a No. Refusal – the condition  reached when a pile or a soil sampler being driven by a hammer has negligible penetration from each blow of the hammer. Humus is generally dark in color. Wash Boring – the process of drilling a bore hole by using the jet action of water or high pressure steam. Effective Diameter – soil particle diameter corresponding to 10% finer on the grain-size curve, Effective Pressure, Effective Stress – the average normal force per unit area transmitted from grain to grain of a soil mass. Soil quality is analogous to soil health. For example, the strength at a point in an isotropic soil is the same in the vertical, horizontal, or any other direction. Liquidity Index – the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the natural water content of a given soil sample minus its plastic limit to its plasticity index. Residual Soil – soil found in place, formed by weathering of the underlying material. As soils develop over time, layers (or horizons) form a soil profile. N2O), radon, and emitted heavy metal dusts. A low qCO2 indicates low disturbance and stable no-till situation or a more mature ecosystems; a high qCO2 indicates highly disturbed ecosystems as found under conventional tillage. In other words, high DH means the organic matter is more resistant to decomposition. The terms below are used to describe these biologically efficient and economically viable agricultural production systems. 1).The spatial variation of soil structure on farmers’ fields (Finke, 1992, 1993) and in catenary sequences in the landscape … Soil Quality Indicators: A measure of a soil's functional state. Relative Density – the ratio of the difference between the void ratio of a cohesionless soil in the loosest state and any given void ratio to the difference between void ratios in the loosest and in the densest states. Diagram courtesy of USDA. distance. Elasticity – property of material that returns to its original form after applied force is removed. Bulk Density (ρb): The mass (weight) of unit soil divided by the total volume occupied. In general, organic soils are highly compressible and have poor load-sustaining properties. Make up 60 to 80% of soil organic matter and are generally partial decomposable to resistant to microbial decomposition. Also known as an underream. Start studying Soil profile, Characteristics & Nomenclature. Soil Organic Carbon: Is related directly to soil organic matter. Plasticity Index (PI) – numerical difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit. and inorganic (phosphates) phosphorus. Overconsolidated soil – soil that has been subjected to an effective pressure greater than the existing effective overburden pressure. Penetration Resistance (SPT) – Number of blows (N) required to drive a standard sampler a distance of 1.0 ft into soil using a hammer weighing 140 lbs, falling a 30-in. Crushed Stone – granular material, resulting from the mechanical crushing of rock, boulders or large cobble stones, of which substantially all faces have been fractured by the crushing operations. Soil bulk density is equal to the dry mass of the soil divided by the volume of the soil; i.e., it includes air space and organic materials of the soil … Soil is used by people in many ways. Continuous no-till means the soil has not been disturbed for several years. Soils that are heavy textured (clay), compacted, wet or flooded tend to be anaerobic because they have less oxygenated air to carry out oxidative reactions. Total Phosphorus (TP): Total of all forms of phosphorus in the soil including organic (inositol, phospholipids, etc.) Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Phone: 614-292-6181, © 2020 | 2120 Fyffe Road | Room 3 Ag Admin Bldg. Active Zone – the layer of expansive soil subjected to shrinking and swelling. Stone – crushed or naturally angular particle of rock that will pass a 3-in. Humus equals fulvic acid plus humin, plus humic acid. This process accelerates breakdown of crop residues and native soil organic matter and temporarily increases microbial respiration. Combined Footing – a spread footing that supports more than one column. Moisture-Density Curve – the curve showing the relationship between dry unit weight and water content of a soil for a given compactive effort. University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Aeolian Deposits – wind-deposited material such as dune sands and loess soil deposits. Soil degradation is the short to medium term deterioration of soil caused by land use, soil management, and the soil's susceptibility to soil processes that promote loss of function (Blum, 1998; Lal, 1998). Pile – relatively slender structural element that is driven or otherwise introduced into soil for the purpose of providing vertical or lateral support for a structure. diameter. Apparent Cohesion – cohesion in fine granular soils caused by capillary forces. Plant roots typically can explore no more than 1% of the soil volume but with mycorrhizal fungus (which attach themselves to the plant root cell walls) association, approximately 20% of the soil volume may be explored. Adsorbed Water – water in a soil held by physiochemical forces. Plastic Limit (an Atterberg Limit, PL) – the water content corresponding to an arbitrary limit between the plastic and the semisolid states of consistency of a soil. Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Compaction Test – laboratory compacting procedure in which a soil mass at a known water content is placed in a specified manner into a mold of standard dimensions, subjected to a standard compactive effort, and the resulting dry unit weight is determined. It is found for a sample by dividing the weight of the water by the weight of the solid particles. Cellulose: The greatest amount of carbon in a plant in the form of carbohydrates is cellulose, which gives plants structural rigidity, and allows plants to grow erect. Alkaline: A soil with a pH between … Water stable aggregates improve soil quality. Bacteria are important for functioning of biochemical properties and/or processes. The soil is the topmost layer of the earth’s crust mainly composed of organic minerals and rock particles that support life. Soil Quality Index: Integrated measure of soil quality by transforming and combining selected core biological, chemical, and physical properties into a single index to evaluate a soil's functional capability. We work with families and children, farmers and businessowners, community leaders and elected officials to build better lives, better businesses and better communities to make Ohio great. Active carbon would include simple polysaccharides and glucose equivalent reduced sugars, amino acids and proteins, soluble and extractable carbon, and microbial biomass carbon, etc. Freeze – an increase in the load capacity of a pile after it has been driven. Kip – Kilopound; a unit of force equal to 1000 lb. It is equal to the slope of the tangent or the secant of a stress-strain curve. or more that result when rocks are fragmented by weathering or abrasion. The secondary units are classified on the basis of size (microaggregates are the smallest and macroaggregates are the largest) and shape. 200 U.S. standard sieve (0.075 mm). Labile organic matter is often associated with active organic carbon to regulate soil quality. It applies to cohesive soils.  These include the “A” horizon, the uppermost layer of a soil profile from which inorganic colloids and other soluble materials have been leached; the “B” horizon, the layer of a soil profile in which material leached from the overlying “A” horizon is accumulated; and the “C” horizon, which is an undisturbed parent material from which the overlying soil profile has been developed. The term is often used to describe soil organic matter. Compaction – the densification of a soil through mechanical means. Shrinkage Limit (an Atterberg limit, SL) – the maximum water content at which a reduction in water content will not cause a decrease in volume of a soil mass. Soil profile in hills of Manisa Province, Turkey, showing a distinct horizon of accumulated red … Soil Structure: Combination or arrangement of soil primary particles into secondary units or peds (composed of macroaggregates and microaggregates). Lateral Earth Pressure – the pressure exerted by an earth backfill against a wall or bulkhead; and calculated by an earth pressure coefficient (active, at rest, or passive) multiplied by the vertical soil pressure. All Terms « soil. Humin is a very stable fraction of soil organic matter due to its strong association or bonding with clay minerals and metal ions. As a result, nutrients are generally more available and absorbed by plant roots. Parent Rock – rock from which a soil has been derived. Dewatering – the process of removing water from a construction area, such as by pumping from sumps or from wells. This system is also called zero-till or direct seeding. Coefficient of Permeability – the rate of discharge of water under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectional area of porous medium such as soil under a unit hydraulic gradient and standard temperature and pressure conditions. Angle of Friction – Angle whose tangent is the ratio of the maximum shear stress that resists slippage between two solid bodies at rest and the normal stress across the constant surfaces. Microaggregates are more typically found in disturbed or cultivated soils. Soil compaction physically shrinks the soil volume by reducing the macropores and the space for air and water movement. Bacteria are active in the soil for decomposing organic matter, recycling nutrients, and detoxification of contaminants. Heterogeneous Soil Mass – a soil mass having different properties at different points. Collectively, these benefits are known as ecosystem services and include products like clean drinking water and processes such as the decomposition of wastes. Aerobic: Describes organisms living or occurring only when oxygen is present. These pollutants can harm field crops, public health, birds and other animals, and the environment, and cause property damage. Measuring soil quality is an exercise in identifying soil properties that are responsive to management practices, affect or correlate with environmental outcomes, and are capable of being precisely measured within certain technical and economic constraints. Ground Works Solutions offers foundation and infrastructure solutions for commercial, government and residential customers. Filter – a layer or combination of layers of pervious materials used to provide drainage yet prevent the movement of soil particles due to flowing water. Meniscus – the curved, film-like layer at the surface of a liquid at rest within a container. Catalysts are important in the soil in speeding up biochemical reactions and are usually only present in minute amounts. Ripper – a long, chisel like tool attached to a dozer or other equipment used to loosen hard-packed material. Degree of Saturation – the degree to which the voids in a soil mass contain fluid (water, gas, or oil.) Geotextiles – Man-made fabrics designed for use in soil stabilization and control. Basal Respiration (BR): Respiration, or oxygen used, by soil microbes to decompose organic matter or any crop residues as a food and energy source and released as carbon dioxide into the soil atmosphere. Microflora: Plants too small to be clearly seen without using a microscope; includes actinomycetes, algae, bacteria, and fungus. Frost Heave – the heaving of the ground due to the formation of ice lenses. Lignin is a very complex energy-rich molecule and varies greatly in structure, making it hard to decompose. Liquid Limit (an Atterberg limit, LL)  – the water content at which a pat of soil, cut by a groove of standard dimensions, will flow together for a distance of 1/2 in. There are different types of soil, each with its own set of characteristics. Soil Profile A vertical section of the earth's highly weathered upper surface often showing several distinct layers or horizons. Roots give off many root exudates which supply food for the microbes and increases microbial activity. Hemicelluloses generally contain of several types and forms due to condensation of sugars. Scientists use soil quality indicators to evaluate how well soil functions since soil function often cannot be directly measured. The mycorrhizal fungus hyphae in this soil are pure white while plant roots are off-white or slightly brown. Infiltration: The entry of water into the soil. Denitrification: Reduction of nitrogen (e.g. Catalyst: Chemical substances generally produced by microorganisms or plants that promote biochemical reactions by lowering the energy needed during a reaction.  It is located at a higher elevation than the groundwater table. College Level. A characteristic of loess deposits is that they can stand with nearly vertical slopes. Soil aggregates are usually greater than ten millimeters in diameter and formed by natural forces (such as alternate wetting-drying) and organic substances derived from root exudates, roots, soil animals and microbial by-products which cement primary particles into smaller aggregates or smaller aggregates into larger particles, such as macroaggregates. The mycorrhizal fungus hyphae in this soil are pure white while plant roots frozen soil found at varying.. Aggregate stability and are generally more available and absorbed by plant roots off-white. Of humic, fulvic, and yeasts material is transported and deposited by sedimentation and residential.... To support aerobic life, similar in concept to a soil and essential for soil stability. To 30 % ) of soil and rock particles that support life varying of. 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